Medical Terminology Daily (MTD) is a blog sponsored by Clinical Anatomy Associates, Inc. as a service to the medical community. We post anatomical, medical or surgical terms, their meaning and usage, as well as biographical notes on anatomists, surgeons, and researchers through the ages. Be warned that some of the images used depict human anatomical specimens.

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A Moment in History

Jean-Louis Petit

Jean Louis Petit
(1674 – 1750)

French surgeon and anatomist, Jean Louis Petit was born in Paris in on March 13, 1674.  His family rented an apartment at his house to Alexis Littre (1658 – 1726), a French anatomist. Petit became an apprentice of Littre at seven years of age, helping him in the dissections for his lectures and at an early age became the assistant in charge of the anatomic amphitheater.

Because of Petit’s dedication to anatomy and medicine, in 1690 at the age of sixteen, became a disciple of a famous Paris surgeon, Castel.

In 1692, Petit entered the French army and performed surgery in two military campaigns. By 1693 he started delivering lectures and was accepted as a great surgeon, being invited to the most difficult operations.  In 1700 he was appointed Chief Surgeon of the Military School in Paris and in the same year he received the degree of Master of Surgery from the Faculty of Paris.

In 1715 he was made a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences and an honorary member of the Royal Society of London. He was appointed by the King as the first Director General of the Royal Academy of Surgery when it was founded in 1731.

Petit’s written works are of historical importance.  “Traite des Maladies des Os” ( A Treatise on Bone Diseases);  “Traite des Maladies Chirurgicales et des Operation” (A Treatise on Surgical Diseases and their Operations” This last book was published posthumously in 1774. He also published a monograph on hemorrhage, another on lachrymal fistula, and others.

He was one of the first to perform choIecystotomy and mastoidotomy. His original tourniquet design for amputations saved many in the battlefield and the design of the same surgical instrument today has not changed much since its invention by him.

His name is remembered in the lumbar triangle, also called the "triangle of Petit", and the abdominal hernia that can ensue through that area of weakness, the lumbar hernia or "Petit's hernia".

Sources:
1. “Jean Louis Petit – A Sketch of his Life, Character, and Writings” Hayne, AP San Fran Western Lancet 1875 4: 446-454
2. “Oeuvres compl?tes de Jean-Louis Petit” 1837 Imprimerie de F. Chapoulaud
3. Extraits de l'eloge de Jean-Louis Petit Ius dans Ia seance publique de I' Academie royale de chirurgie du 26 mai 1750” Louis A. Chirurgie 2001: 126 : 475- 81


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Anatomical variations (3)

"The Chirurgeon must knowe the Anatomie". Thus states Thomas Vicary (1460 -1561) on the knowledge of Anatomy. He continues: "...for all authors write against those surgeons who work in a man's body not knowing the Anatomie"1. There is no doubt that knowledge must include the awareness of the possibility of anatomical variations.  Some anatomical variations, like the "Corona Mortis" can be critical, and in some surgical cases, be the cause for exsanguination!

It is interesting that several medical schools are reducing the total number of hours working on, or moving away from cadaver disection in first year medical school and using computer simulations instead. No computer simulation will give the medical student the detail, variations, and feel of the tissues as actual hands-on experience. I am sure no one wants a surgeon whose first view of the internal aspect of a human body is a living patient...on the surgical table. 

It is a fact that "Nothing in the human body is really colored... or labeled" or as someone else said "nothing looks exactly like the anatomy book", unless it is photography, and then each photo is taken after hours of laboring to "Netterize" the organ or area that one is trying to detail. Nothing gives the future professional the exact idea of what to expect in the future patient than the hours and hours of laborious work in the anatomy laboratory.

Coronary artery arising from the pulmonary trunk (Brooks, 1886)
The same is true with anatomical variations, one "standard" digital cadaver,even with built-in anatomical variations does not give the student the sense of awe and discovery when an anatomical variation is found, interpreted, and analyzed with a group of peers, contributing to the learning process and the formation of future health care professionals.When questioning what is normal or abnormal, Dr. Elizabeth Murray says it most elegantly: "The cadaver is always right"

The image depicts a case of a coronary artery arising from the pulmonary trunk

Source:
1. "The Chirurgeon must knowe the Anatomie" R. Shane Tubbs Clin Anat 26:417 (2013)
2. "Two cases of an abnormal coronary artery of the heart arising from the pulmonary artery"Brooks, H; J. Anat. Physiol. 20:26-29, 1886 (anatomyatlases.org)

THIS ARTICLE IS THE THIRD IN A SERIES. TO READ THE FIRST ARTICLE CLICK HERE

 

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